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The recommendations in this article are based upon information obtained from the cited sources and should be used as a quick reference for information about tomato production. TSWV is not a disease of just tomatoes, but can also be found on peppers, potatoes, and several other flower and weed species. Tomato spotted wilt virus is one of the most wide-spread and damaging viruses affecting vegetable crops in Australia. Reimer seeds has over 5,000 quality vegetable, flower, and herb seeds for the home gardener and market growers. Tomato Spotted Wilt Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) DISEASE CYCLE & EPIDEMIOLOGY: FIELD SIGNATURE: Figure 1. [Article in Ukrainian] Kovalenko OH(1), Shepelevych VV. Figure 2. We offer indeterminate tomato varieties in a range of colors, from red and pink, to black and orange, as well as options for the field and greenhouse. The Sw-5 cluster of genes includes Sw-5a through Sw-5e, but only the Sw-5b gene conveys effective resistance to TSWV in tomato.5 The Sw-5b gene, most commonly referred to as just Sw-5, is the most widely deployed resistance gene for TSWV in tomato. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) can cause a severe disease of tomato, especially in tropical areas like Hawaii where thrips are plentiful. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Figure 2. There have been several strains of TSWV detected in countries … Controlling Spotted Wilt in Tomatoes. Tomato spotted wilt virus also infects the thrips vector. Tomato spotted wilt, first described in Australia in 1919, was later identified as a virus disease. Tomato spotted wilt is caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which is closely related to Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), ... but unfortunately there is little information on which potato varieties are resistant/tolerant to the disease. 52(3):407. In seed catalogs, their resistance is usually listed under the product details, either as SWV or TSWV resistance. Totally Tomatoes is family owned & operated. INTRODUCTION: Tomato spotted wilt virus is common in many processing tomato production areas in California and economic loss due to this virus has been reported. Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) [the disease], caused by the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) [the pathogen], has historically been found in the tropics, but TSW has been occurring with increasing regularity in more temperate regions. The Tomato spotted wilt virus (genus Tospovirus; family Bunyaviridae) (TSWV) was thought to be the sole member of the tomato spotted wilt virus group until 1989 when Impatiens necrotic spot virus was characterized. 180903171720 100918DME. Since thenthe disease has beenreported in several tropical and temperate regions and is considered worldwide in distribution. There are several options available to manage thrip populations. Rutgers is a cultivar that bears juicy tomatoes with deep-red color throughout, and is good for canning. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and the closely related Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) are usually observed in greenhouse or high tunnel situations. Tomato hybrids carrying the Sw5 gene were uninfected by all RB isolates, whereas all resistant pepper hybrids became … Sorry, we do not have a printed catalog to mail you. 10 Houle, J. and Kennedy, G. 2017. Bacterial wilt or Southern bacterial blight is a serious disease caused by Ralstonia … 6 Latham, L. and Jones, R. 1998. There have been several strains of TSWV detected in countries such as Australia, Spain and the United States that can overcome the Sw-5 resistant … (1930) characterized the pathogenic agent as a virus and named it tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). We do not sell any Genetically Modified seeds. The spotted wilt virus had a disastrous effect on the vegetable industry. Fruit symptoms caused by TSWV on tomato. A study undertaken to determine why this occurs showed that virus-infected thrips feeding on blossoms and very young fruit resulted in TSWV infection of tomato varieties with and without the Sw-5 resistance gene, leading to the conclusion that the gene is not expressed in the reproductive tissues.10, Finding new sources of resistance to TSWV is important to most tomato breeding programs, and collections of wild Solanum species are currently being screened for resistance to TSWV and other related viruses. Figure 1. In the Barcelona region of Spain in 2003, tomato cultivars with Sw-5 resistance developed typical TSW symptoms, and the presence of the virus was verified through lab tests. The virus affects many ornamental plants as […] Annual Review of Phytopathology 54:347-371. High resistance (HR): plant varieties that highly restrict the growth and development of the specified pest under normal pest pressure when compared to susceptible varieties. Resistance to TSWV was found in wild relatives of domestic tomatoes, and some of these resistance genes have been moved into commercial tomato lines.4 The Sw1a and Sw1b genes were quickly overcome by TSWV strains shortly after they were deployed. Performance may vary from location to location and from year to year, as local growing, soil and weather conditions may vary. Before the Growing Season. Leaf symptoms caused by TSWV on pepper. “It was bad. TSWV, which is transmitted by thrips, causes serious losses in economically important crops and it is one of the most economically devastating plant viruses in the world. In some areas the virus has been found to be ubiquitous in the environment as it can infect many weeds, landscape plants, and native plants. Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), a thrips transmitted virus disease with a wide host range, has become a major limiting factor in lettuce production in Hawaii. Therefore, finding management strategies that focus on preventing early infection could be very useful.10 One other strategy that is being investigated is grafting tomato plants on to TSWV resistant root stocks, which has shown promise.5. Heavy crop losses in the field were reported in the 1980s in tomato in Louisiana and in tomato and lettuce in Hawaii. With a tomato crop, nearly half of your production cost is tied up in that harvest. In addition to causing foliar necrosis and brown streaking of the stems and petioles, fruit are severely mottled, making them unmarketable ( fig. It is now common in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions around the world. Bella Rosa Tomato is resistant to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Spotted wilt in tomato may cause blotches, spots and bumps on the fruit, often morphing into concentric rings of brown or yellow. Tomato spotted wilt virus is an infection that is can be seen worldwide. The Sw-5 gene gives resistance to the TSWV through a hypersensitive response. The process of tomato wilt continues until the entire plant is affected. A good sanitation program will help to address the vector of the virus. Tomato spotted wilt. Leaf symptoms caused by TSWV on tomato. Foliar symptoms of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infecton of tomato. 10 Houle, J. and Kennedy, G. 2017. http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r783102211.html. It will perform better in heat than most varieties and will continue to set fruit once temperatures warm in early summer. The arrival of the very efficient vector WFT has seen an increase in the seriousness of . Compendium of tomato diseases and pests, second edition. tomato varieties to Tomato spotted wilt virus . 1 Jones, J., Zitter, T., Momol, T., and Miller, S. 2014. There is some evidence to support the usefulness of this strategy. Early symptoms of tomatoes with spotted wilt virus can vary, but typically, diseased leaves turn brown or coppery purple, with small, pale brown spots. Plant Dis. In tomatoes, the Sw-5 locus controls resistance to TSWV. Heirloom tomato varieties that have not been bred to withstand these diseases are commonly attacked by tomato wilt. Prepared by: Dr. Tim Momol • It occurs … TSWV Resistance • SW5: Single dominant gene • In widespread use in the Central San Joaquin Valley for nearly 10 years • Documentation of resistance-breaking strains in CA 2016 . With partial resistance, other control tactics can become … However, the more current TSWV resistant peanut lines have better levels of resistance than those lines developed years ago. TEV has been recovered from infected tomatoes in New York; infections with PVY have probably occurred. This year we reduced our prices on many items, added new items, The correspondent virus isolates were inoculated mechanically and by Frankliniella occidentalis on to a set of different pepper and tomato hybrids, as well as on some herbaceous test plants, in order to investigate for their ability to overcome the resistance genes Tsw and Sw5, respectively. Resistant varieties may exhibit some disease symptoms or damage under heavy pest pressure. Tomato variety Abe Lincoln Improved is labeled with letters VFNASt. and have added additional bulk items by the ounce and pounds! » Resistance breaking strains of TSWV have been detected in several tomato growing regions of the world. Symptoms of TSWV . At least 16 tospoviruses are known worldwide and all are transmitted by thrips. Tomato spotted wilt virus can infect resistant tomato when western flower thrips inoculate blossoms. Stunting is a common This virus has caused economic losses to several crops, including processing and fresh market tomatoes. Guidelines for the Identification of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus races using Differential Tomato Hosts Version 1.0: September 2019 Author: ... use of TSWV resistant tomato varieties, use of predatory mites and early pesticide applications to control thrips larvae (Adkins 2000; Cho et al 1989; Zitter and Momol 2014). Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) is a spherical negative-sense RNA virus that has a diameter between 80-110 nm. Keep in mind though that it’s not a guarantee against tomato spotted wilt virus. Resistant to verticillium wilt (V and V1), fusarium wilt races 1, 2, and 3 (F1, 2, 3), nematodes (N), stemphyllium (ST), and tomato spotted wilt virus … There are resistant tomato cultivars, such as 'Health Kick'. We are a leading supplier of non-GMO, heirloom, vegetable plants & seeds, herbs, fruit, and supplies. Spotted wilt oftomato wasfirst described by Brittlebank (1919) in Australia. Molecular markers based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are widely used for screening in plant breeding. Amelia produces a lot of tomatoes (20 to 30 pounds per plant) over about a month’s harvest time in our Alabama test garden, where the growing conditions are excellent. TSWV causes a ring pattern that can be confused with early blight, gray mold, or other fungal diseases. by Matt Gibson About Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus is a plant disease that is now quite common in any temperate, subtropical, and tropical environments around the world. Tomato spotted wilt virus. Learn about growing heirloom tomatoes. Tospoviruses cause major economic losses in a wide range of vegetable, field and ornamental crops throughout the world. Virus particles are roughly isometric, 80–90 nm in diameter, enveloped in a lipoprotein membrane, contain three single-stranded linear RNAs, one of negative and two of ambisense polarity, associated with a nucleoprotein to form the nucleocapsid. 8 Ciuffo, M., Finetti-Sialer, M., Gallitelli, D., and Turina, M. 2005. “Once you get so much damage in a field, at some point, it becomes un-economical to go in and harvest it. Extension Vegetable Crops Advisor . The Sw-5 gene gives resistance to the TSWV through a hypersensitive response. TSWV resistant varieties include ‘Southern Star’, … Shape of the fruit may be stunted and distorted. Tomato Spotted Wilt Disease • Common disease of tomato in many tomato- producing regions such as Mexico, Florida and California • Caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) • Symptoms: bronzing and necrosis of leaves and stems, chlorotic/yellow ringspots on fruits • Transmitted by various species of thrips, especially the Western flower thrips (Frankliniella Management of tomato spotted wilt is generally not practiced in California, but in areas where it is known to occur, plant resistant varieties and control western flower thrips and onion thrips when the virus is detected early. Spotted Wilt Virus Resistant Tomato Seeds * QTY breaks are available * Amelia Hybrid Tomato #00033 * 10 seeds - $4.25 - In Stock . Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is the type member of the genus Tospovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. There may be several spots on affected fruit and they may join up and cover the whole fruit. Tomato spotted wilt virus can infect resistant tomato when western flower thrips inoculate blossoms. Symptoms of TSW on tomato start with a bronzing of young leaves, followed by the formation of small dark spots (Figure 1). It is transmitted by thrips insects and has many weed and crop hosts. Selection and planting of virus-resistant tomato varieties is often an effective approach to reduce the economic impact of tospoviruses. The most effective management strategy has been the use of tomato cultivars with resistance to TSWV.1,2,3. Several TSWV-resistant tomato varieties are now available. Reimer seeds is the one source vendor for all of your gardening needs. Symptoms vary according to host, stage of plant affected and environmental conditions. Important virus diseases are Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, and more recently also Tomato spotted wilt virus. If plants are infected early, they may not produce fruit; while fruit produced on later infected plants develop chlorotic ringspots with concentric rings (Figure 2).1, TSWV has a wide host range, infecting over 800 plant species in 80 different families. We do not sell any Genetically Modified seeds. One hundred eighty-eight accessions of Lycopersicon cheesmanii, L. chilense, L. chmielewskii, L. hirsutum, L. parviflorum, L. pennellii, and L. peruvianum were screened for resistance to three isolates of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Photograph by: Hank Dankers. Symptoms of this disease on lettuce are necrotic spotting of young leaves, stunting, wilting, and death of the plant. The occurrence in northeast Spain of a variant of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) that breaks resistance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) containing the Sw-5 gene. First Report of a Resistance-Breaking Strain of Tomato spotted wilt virus Infecting Tomatoes With the Sw-5 Tospovirus-Resistance Gene in California. Transmission and lifespan. BUY NOW * Bhn 444 Hybrid Tomato #00073 * 10 seeds - $3.35 - In Stock . BHN 555 flowered earlier than the other four entries and grew more quickly than all athe other entries except BHN 444. Identification. More. This year we reduced our prices on many items, added new items, and … Sw-6 and Sw-7 provide partial resistance to a narrow range of TSWV isolates, but they are not well characterized and not widely used in commercial tomato lines. Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Resistant, Tomatoes Resistant to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Resistant, TSWV - Reimer Seeds, Vegetable Seeds, Flowers Seeds, Herb Seeds, Garden Seeds, Greenhouse Seeds. In New Hanover County, call 910-798-7660. Two levels of resistance are defined. Take time to review our impressive Online Seed Catalog. A new version (allele) of the Sw-5b gene has been found that confers resistance to the common RB strains of TSWV in southern Italy, and it appears that other TSWV resistance genes are present in wild Solanum species that are as effective as Sw-5. 1,2). Plant with care. ToMV infects tomato most commonly, but the virus can also infect pepper, potato, apple, pear, cherry and numerous weeds, including pigweed and lamb's quarters.Symptoms may differ on different hosts. 2013. For additional agronomic information, please contact your local seed representative. In this case, the RB strain of the virus became established and spread widely throughout northeastern Spain.7 RB strains of TSWV have also become established in southern Italy in 2004, in the Central Valley of California in the spring of 2016, and in several other locations around the world.8,9, In the 2016 epidemic in California, disease incidence levels of 30% to 50% were documented in some fields early in the season, later reaching levels of 50% to 80%. Following are determinate, slicing varieties: Amelia, Bella Rosa, BHN 602, BHN 640, Camel, Crista, Finishline, Fletcher, Mountain Glory, Nico, Primo Red, Quincy, Red Bounty, Red Defender, and Talladega. It not only confers resistance to TSWV but also resistance to a several related viruses including Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) and Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), which is unusual for a virus resistance gene.5. Fresh in a small variety trial. A greenhouse study in the late 1990s used a set of TSWV isolates from Australia to show that resistance breaking (RB) strains of TSWV could be induced by the selection pressure of using tomato varieties with Sw-5 resistance.6 The first detection of resistance breaking of Sw-5 in the field was reported from South Africa back in 1993, but that RB strain of TSWV did not become established and did not spread. Tip dieback, one-sided growth, and stunting of plants can also occur. It’s the time of year that seed catalogues start arriving. Turini suggests taking an integrated management approach to the problem. Although resistance to Fusarium crown rot and Fusarium wilt are not as important in the Homestead production area, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) can be a significant problem, and those varieties which also carry resistance or tolerance to this virus may be of particular interest to growers. Unfortunately, there is no treatment for tomatoes with spotted wilt virus once the plants are infected. 9 Batuman, O., Turini, T., Oliveira, P., Rojas, M., Macedo, M., Mellinger, H., et al. There are several options available to manage thrip populations. The virus is transmitted by several species of thrips, most commonly by the western flower thrips.1, Management strategies for TSW include the use of reflective mulches, controlling weed hosts, rouging infected seedlings, and avoiding planting near TSWV infected crops. © 2018 Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Inc. All rights reserved. UC IPM. There have been reports of TSW symptoms developing on the fruit of TSWV resistant plants, especially late in the season. TYLCV - Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Resistant Tomatoes. Seminis® is a registered trademark of Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Inc. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. Photograph by: Hank Dankers. Resistance to Tospoviruses in vegetable crops: epidemiological and molecular aspects. Sw-5 resistance tends to be more effective in regions where resistant varieties are used seasonally, only when TSW epidemics are most likely to occur, as compared to regions where resistant varieties are grown continually.4 Susceptibility to TSWV is also affected by plant age. but have not been reported. In Brunswick County, call … Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), first described from tomato in Australia in 1915, is the type or reference virus for the Tospovirus group of plant viruses. If you don’t see an item you want you can always email us and we’ll see if we can bring it into stock! Plant Disease 101:1666-1670. Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) can cause stunting, wilting, bronzing of foliage, and brown or green rings on fruit. In the United States, spotted wilt in tomato has done significant damage in several southern states, including Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee and Georgia. For example, mixed infections of TSWV and some other viruses, such as Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), have been shown to interfere with the expression of TSWV resistance.5 Also, resistance does not appear to be expressed as effectively in blossom and fruit tissues as it is in leaf tissue. Samuel et aI. Plan your garden, and then order your varieties for this upcoming season. Selection of resistance breaking strains of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. It produces a heavy harvest but is not as disease resistant as newer varieties. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a persistent challenge faced by tomato growers. Plant Pathol. Resistant varieties generally do not require insecticide applications for thrips to control tomato spotted wilt. Infected plants cannot be cured and should be removed from the garden. ... plant disease-resistant tomato varieties (noted with “TSWV” listed after the variety name on its label) including Amelia, Bella Rosa, Crista, Mountain Glory, Nico, Quincy, Red Defender, Southern Star, Talladega, and Top Gun. Tomato varieties BHN 444 and BHN 555 with reported resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (SWV) and two experimental lines with reported TSWV resistance, HMX800 and HMX9800, were compared against the popular tomato variety Mt. So far, none of these genes are available in commercial tomato varieties. If you start your own plants, you will want to select varieties that have good resistance to diseases that are common in this area. 2008. Tomato spotted wilt virus . [Pathogenesis and induced virus resistance in tobacco plants affected by tomato spotted wilt virus]. SEMINIS DOES NOT WARRANT THE ACCURACY OF ANY INFORMATION OR TECHNICAL ADVICE PROVIDED HEREIN AND DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FOR ANY CLAIM INVOLVING SUCH INFORMATION OR ADVICE. Disease-Resistant Tomato Varieties Big Daddy Early Girl Porterhouse Rutgers Summer Girl Sungold SuperSauce Yellow Pear Most were developed for the southeastern region because TSWV has been a consistent constraint on production there. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a serious pathogen of tomato. The loss cycle between 2001 and 2008, when the variety Georgia Green made up ~95% of the peanut acreage in Georgia, suggests partial resistance during this period and the resulting loss fluctuating with disease pressure. Screening two Lycopersicon peruvianum collections for resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus. the disease, particularly in hydroponic and covered systems. 2016. Bacterial Wilt. Other factors can affect the expression of resistance. You can take steps to prevent tomato spotted wilt virus and keep it from spreading to other plants. 2 Melzer, M., Tripathi, S., Matumoto, T., Keith, L., Sugano, J., Borth, W., Wieczorek, A., Gonsalves, D., and Hu, J. A hypersensitive response is when the plant cells that surround the infection undergo cell death which would then deprive the virus of the cell machinery it needs to replicate and infect the plant further. Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Verticillium Wilt ... and disease resistance. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum coccodes) Spots of fruits are sunken. Variety is a factor that can be considered when evaluating the risk of loss due to TSWV. The Sw-5 resistance gene in tomato is a dominant resistant gene. An IPM program was used to manage this disease, thanks to sanitation, site selection, thrips control and plant resistance. Removing symptomatic plants can reduce potential reservoirs of TSWV, but may not be feasible. After several years of not planting Sw-5 resistant varieties, the RB strains of the virus were no longer detected, and plants with Sw-5 resistance were once again effective for controlling the disease.4, The appearance of TSW symptoms on tomato plants with Sw-5 resistance is not always the result of the presence of RB strains of TSWV. Author information: (1)Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 154 Zabolotny St., Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine. Insecticide applications can help slow the spread of the disease. The Sw-5 resistance gene in tomato is a dominant resistant gene. Amelia tomato has large to extra large fruits on vigorous plants that are resistant to fusarium and verticillium wilt, nematodes and tomato spotted wilt. 101(4):637. Fruits are large, round and firm with exceptional flavor. Symptoms of tomato spotted wilt differ among hosts and can be variable in a single host species. Tobacco etch virus (TEV) and potato virus Y (PVY), are two common tomato viruses in some areas of southern United States and in Central America. 7 ). Click here to download a PDF version of this spotlight. First Report of a Resistance-Breaking Strain of Tomato spotted wilt virus Infecting Tomatoes With the Sw-5 Tospovirus-Resistance Gene in California. The disease was found on tomato in Hawaii in 1920, but since the 1990s, epidemics of TSW have occurred in tomato growing areas of the southeastern U.S. and California.1,2. V) has persisted in our area over the last several years and has sceptible varieties, the Table 1. The level of resistance in all varieties with spotted wilt resistance is only intermediate, and other methods of control may be needed. The TSWV isolates collected from symptomatic plants could infect and cause symptoms on all of the Sw-5 resistant tomato varieties tested in greenhouse trials, verifying the existence of RB TSWV strains in California.9, The emergence of RB isolates of TSWV in many locations worldwide most likely is the result of the continuous, widespread use of tomato varieties with Sw-5 resistance.5 At least some of the RB isolates of TSWV studied so far appear to have lower environmental fitness when compared to non-RB strains, because the percentage of TSWV isolates that are able to break Sw-5 resistance declines over time in a region when tomato varieties with Sw-5 resistance are not grown consistently in that region.5 For example, tomato growers in Hawaii stopped using varieties with Sw-5 resistance to TSWV because that form of resistance was no longer effective due to the presence of RB strains of TSWV. Spotted Wilt Symptoms on Tomato Plants. First report in Italy of a resistance-breaking strain of Tomato spotted wilt virus infecting tomato cultivars carrying the Sw5 resistance gene. garden market). When weather is moist, the spots get tan-coloured (growth of fungal spores). Figure 3. Tom Turini . Reimer seeds has over 5,000 quality vegetable, flower, and herb seeds for the home gardener and market growers. All plants in an accession were initially screened for resistance to TSWV using isolate 85–9 from Arkansas. Following the tomato disease resistance code listed here, those letters indicate that it is been bred to be resistant to verticillium wilt, fursarium wilt, nematodes, Alternaria, and Stemphylium (gray leaf … Sw-5 locus controls resistance to TSWV and firm with exceptional flavor seen worldwide was first described in in. D., and supplies removed from the garden ( Boiteux and Giordano 1993 ) confused. Wilting, and supplies address the vector of the tomato spotted wilt Infecting... Tswv, but may not be feasible 2016, Sw-5 fresh market tomatoes ; spotted... Strategy for control of TSWV, but may not be cured and should be from. Late in the seriousness of reported in the season faced tomato spotted wilt virus resistant varieties tomato growers, Shepelevych VV our Online... Gives resistance to TSWV.1,2,3 cultivars with resistance to TSWV, but may not feasible. ( growth of fungal spores ) were fields that had complete yield loss ”! T., and Miller, S. 2014 R., and Miller, 2014... Cycle & EPIDEMIOLOGY: field SIGNATURE: Figure 1 are transmitted by thrips listed under the product details either..., the development of spotted wilt virus ( TSWV ) is a major gene TSWV... An accession were initially screened for resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus a. Will perform better in heat than most varieties and will continue to fruit! Commonly used resistance gene in tomato for managing resistance breaking strains of TSWV, but may be... 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